Buccaneer is a term that was used in the later 17th century in the Caribbean Islands to refer to pirates who attacked Spanish shipping. The term "buccaneer" derives from the Arawak word buccan, a wooden frame for smoking meat, hence the French word meaning boucan and the name boucanier for French hunters who used such frames to smoke meat from poached cattle and pigs on Hispaniola, now Haiti and the Dominican Republic. British colonists Anglicized the word boucanier to "buccaneer."Conflict with Spanish forces from the east of Hispaniola drove many of the buccaneers from the mainland to the island of Tortuga. Here, they turned to piracy against Spanish shipping, generally using small craft to attack galleons in the vicinity of the Windward Passage. English settlers occupying Jamaica began to spread the name with the meaning of pirates or privateers sailing in the Caribbean ports and seas. The name became universally adopted in 1684 when the first English translation of Alexandre Exquemelin's book The Buccaneers of America was published.